The application and development of engraving printing 2.6

VI. Book Engraving in the Qing Dynasty

(I) Cultural Policies in the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty’s cultural policy was basically the same as that of the Ming Dynasty. Since the Qing dynasty was a Manchu-dominated China, the ruling class took repression on the one hand in order to ease class conflicts and ethnic conflicts. On the other hand, the ruling class adopted the policy of Huairou.

1. Respect the Confucian classics, advocating Confucianism

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty accepted the traditional cultural thoughts of the Han nationality and respected Confucius and Confucianism as represented by Confucius. After entering the customs, they immediately resigned and sacrificed the former teacher Confucius. Confucius was added; Dacheng to Shengwen declared the first division; Confucius descendants still attack; Yan Shenggong; title. Since Emperor Shunzhi, he actively promoted the reading of the Scriptures and declared the way of the saints. According to the Qing Dynasty Manuscript of the History of the Qing Dynasty, the Southern Tour of Kangxi once personally visited Confucius in Shandong to commemorate Confucius. Enter the Dacheng Gate, walk to the Nine Dragons ceremony, go to the poetry hall, speak of the Book of Changes, take a look at the first icon on the Dacheng Hall, watch the rituals, visit the temple, read the books, visit the Xingtan, see the garden, and enter the San Gate. Hole well water. And pro-books; Wanshi division table; These respected Confucianism policies and actions of rulers of the Qing Dynasty played an important role for the Han ethnic intellectuals.

2. The establishment of the Bo Xue Word Division, Luo Zhi National Baume

As early as in the early period of Shunzhi, the government accepted the invitation of the Zhejiang governor Zhang Cunren to propose a court order to the court. Use this method to give readers the opportunity to take a job and eliminate their anti-smooth and reversing ideological tendencies. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, he held a learned vocabulary examination and collected a group of literati to engage them in activities to make the Qing government effective. The policy of the imperial examinations adopted by the Manchu ruling class brought intellectuals’ ideas to the forefront of the history of learning, and worked hard to fight for study. This not only weakened the resistance of the Han landlords and intellectuals, but also strengthened the power of the rulers. .

3. Promote Neo-Confucianism and Strengthen Ideological Control

Kangxi actively promoted Neo-Confucianism as an important tool that could consolidate its rule. He personally wrote "Essential Essence" and printed "Consciousness of Nature"; he wanted to eliminate nationalism through the feudal ethics advocated by Confucianism. Lu Xiqi, Li Guangdi and others were the leaders of Neo-Confucianism at that time. Their works were praised by the emperor. The state commissioned officials and called them scientific and political officials. The study of Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism became an academic process of the Imperial Academy, and it strengthened the ideological control of scholars. To make it completely constrained by the stale doctrines of Neo-Confucianism, and even non-Zhuzi's preaching cannot speak, and the non-Zhuzi family does not dare to perform.

4. Implementation of high-pressure means, Daxing writing prison

For the intellectuals' anti-clear thinking and works, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty adopted strict repressive policies. The discovery of books that violate the interests of the ruling class prohibits circulation and persecutes authors or book collectors. Often deliberately picking words from the works, ripping off the charges and constituting an affair. In the three dynasties of Kang, Yi, and Qian, there were literally hundreds of verbal prisons. Thousands of people suffered from persecution and persecution. Cases of the Zhuang court in the Kangxi era, the case of Li Zhiliang in the immediate years of detention, and the case of Xu Shuyu in the case of Qianlong. Several hundred people were killed each time. Of course, these works should be destroyed and prohibited from circulation. The ruling class always implements their brutal repressive policies by collecting books and blaming them in the guise of Ji Guzuo. The compilation of "Si Ku Quan Shu" is an excuse for Qianlong to carry out book inspections. In his dictum of writing books, this intention was exposed very clearly. The books that he thought should be completely banned or partially banned were listed on several occasions and were promulgated nationwide. There were more than 2,000 kinds of books and they were ordered to be destroyed by the nation. In one province of Zhejiang alone, 538 kinds were sacrificed, and some books were eventually killed.

(II) The government pays attention to the collection and arrangement of books

After the Ming Dynasty died, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty accepted all the books of the Ming Dynasty royal family. Including a large number of books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the Song and Yuan editions of the book, as well as literary texts of the dynasties, the thesis, the memorial, and the books of the Shu Kingdom. During the reign of Kangxi, the government began to purchase books, ordered the Hanlin Institute to formulate a purchase plan, and stipulated that the provincial supervisors should take responsibility for purchasing books for the court. After soliciting, they were sent to the Ministry of Rites for collection. If there is no engraved version, it will be written by the Hanlin Academy. If you have made a voluntary submission, the ceremony will be remitted. Through this measure, there is a new increase in government collections. When he was in Qianlong, he had repeatedly ordered the acquisition of books. When he compiled the “Si Ku Quan Shu”, he strictly ordered all the books into the country and achieved significant results. As of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, more than 10,000 kinds of books have been collected nationwide. Therefore, the royal collection is greatly enriched. The collection of books has been more than ever. While completing the "Si Ku Quan Shu", Gan Long ordered the establishment of the "Si Ku Quan Shu" at Wenyuan Pavilion, Wenjin Pavilion, Wenyu Pavilion, Wenzong, Wenhui and Wenxuan. In addition to the “Siku Quanshu” in the collection of Wen Yuan Ge, there are many places in the Qing court. The first is Zhao Ren Dian; Tian Lu Lin Xi; This is the place where all the rare books in the palace have been concentrated by the Kyung-gyeong. Give the name; Among them are the rare books of the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties. There are as many as 1,081 books and 12,250 volumes. Tianlu Lin琅; later, established a special collection of the Song Dynasty engraved books of Yuelu in print; five classics; books of the name of the library; Five Classics treasure; In addition, at the time of Qianlong, he selected the rare copy from the “Si Ku Quan Shu” and compiled the “Si Ku Quan Shu Hui Yao.” More than 400 books are collected in the four books of the collection of the history, the history, the son, and the collection. Copy into two, one hidden in the imperial garden;?? Algae Hall;, a park in Changchun Park, Yuanmingyuan; Miso House. During the Jiaqing period, the Yang Xin Dian was established; Wan Dian was not a Tibetan; and there were more than 170 books not included in the “Si Ku Quan Shu”. Others include: Wu Ying Dian, Qi Qin Dian, Jin Hua Gong, Jing Yang Gong, and Nanxun Dian, Zi Guang Ge, Nan Shu Wu in Zhongnanhai, and Jing Su Zhai in Beihai. In addition, Imperial Academy, Imperial College, and the Grand Cabinet are also There are a large number of books and books.

The Qing government pays great attention to cataloging and collating the collected books. The masterpiece of the Qing Dynasty official editorial catalogue is the “Sikuquanshu Head”. It is the corresponding product of the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu." The "Head" is divided into four categories and the subordinates are subdivided into several categories. Each department has a general sequence, all types have a small sequence, and each book has a summary. The "Sikuquanshu Head" can be said to be a summary of ancient books before the eighteenth century. Due to the large size of the "Sikuquanshu Head", it was inconvenienced to read and edited the "Si Ku Quan Shu Concise Catalogue" a total of 20 volumes, deleting the deposits, streamlining the general and minor orders, attached to certain subheadings. There is a short phrase.

Another national bibliography in the early Qing dynasty was the sequel to the edition of the Tian Lulin Bibliography by Yu Minzhong and Peng Yuanrui. It not only records various versions, but also contains dates, locations, collectors' names and Tibetan seals. This project started the revision of the official directory, making the book collectors of the Qing Dynasty imitate and formed a catalog of versions of the atmosphere. It has compiled dozens of versions of the catalog, and provided convenience for sorting the basic selection of ancient books.

In the early Qing Dynasty, a catalogue of historical records such as "Medical History and Literary History" was also compiled, and there were also a group of scholars who began to supplement the history of ancient history to write up artistic literature. Since Ni Can's first creation of “Shi Lian Jin Yuan Shi Zhi”, several followers have been affecting the early Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. This work made the history list complete and basically constituted a complete comprehensive catalogue. This is also rare in the history of world culture.

(3) The government has compiled a large number of books

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty not only paid attention to books and books. Moreover, a large number of books were compiled, especially in the early Qing Dynasty, with unprecedented achievements. Kangxi himself has a deep cultural heritage. He often reviews ancient writings, and sometimes adds annotations and revisions. These books have become; The scope of these imperatives includes the study of Confucian classics, history, arias, astronomy, calendars, agronomy, and literature. The later emperors of the Qing Dynasty also followed the example of Kangxi, so many books were written in the Qing Dynasty and in the Imperial Court; only 147 of the “Sikuquanshu Head” were written.

Among the books of the Kangxi Emperor Jinping, the first thing that should be mentioned is "Ancient and Modern Book Integration." It is another large book after the "Yongle Ceremony" in Chinese history. As the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" was severely dispelled, "Ancient and Modern Book Integration" has become China's largest and most complete book of its kind. It is known to foreigners as the "Kangxi Encyclopedia." With a total of 160 million words, the book ranks first in the world encyclopedia. The original editor was Chen Menglei, etc. The first draft was completed in the 45th year of Kangxi (1706). At the exact time, Jiang Tingxi was ordered to renew. There are 10,000 volumes in the book, 40 volumes in the catalogue, six compilations, 32 codes, and 6,190 titles. In the organizational system and arrangement style far better than the previous books. There are many beautiful illustrations in the book. The book was printed in bronze for the first time in the year of Yongzheng four years (1726) (it was engraved with engravings), and it was only printed in sixty-five years in Yongzheng and it was not widespread. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the ten years of Guangxu (1884), the Book Integration Bureau of Shanghai Shishizhai printed 1,500 copies of the book, but there were many pages off the wrong page. In the 16th year of the Guangxu period, the same bureau had another 100 lithographies and it was photocopied according to the original version of the temple. In 1934, Zhonghua Book Company had another copy of copper movable type, which is a commonly used version.

There are also some books, books, and collections of poetry in the books that Kangxi has approved. These books are still important reference tools for the study of ancient literature. Kangxi himself also has some research on astronomical studies. He had hired Western missionaries Nan Huairen, etc., and compiled Kangxi's "Eternal Calendar", "Machinery Concentration," and "Everything Like a Test". Xuanchengren Mei Wending has more than 80 kinds of calendar books, of which the "Ancient and Modern Calendar General Exam" is the first history of Chinese history. When Emperor Kangxi was once made "The Emperor's Map", when he was in Qianlong, he sent people to Xinjiang and other places to measure it and made "The Emperor's Map of Qianlong Neei Prefecture." The two maps still have high reference value. Kang Zongjinjian, which was edited by Qianlong officials, is also a famous introduction to the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Qianlong era (1736-1795) completely imitated Kangxi's practice in cultural policy. He also held; learned macro words; examinations, published a lot; the King James; works. And organizing human editing of political books, books and other major works. Such as editing the "Continued Code", "Continued", "Continued Document Exam", and later compiled the three links of the Qing Dynasty, namely "Dong Dynasty Code", "Annals", "Dragon literature Tongkao." These six books were combined with the original Duyou “Tongdian”, Zheng Zheng’s “Annals”, and Ma Duanlin’s “Document Exams”; Jiutong; With the compilation of the "Continued Documents of the Imperial Court" edited by Liu Jinzao at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was called;

One of Kelon's more significant moves is the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu." This large series of books consists of four parts: the history, the history, the sons, and the episodes. A total of 3,457 kinds of works from ancient times to the time were compiled, totaling 77,070 volumes. From the thirty-eight years of Ganlong (1773), it was completed in the 47th year of Ganlong (1782). Not engraved, only written. Distribute 36,000 copies. He originally wrote four books and was collected in four locations: Wengong Pavilion in Beijing, Yuanyuan Garden in Yuanmingyuan, Fengtianwen in Fengtian, Wenjin Pavilion in Rehe. Later, three more copies were made, and they were hidden in Zhenjiang Wenzong Pavilion, Yangzhou Wenhui Pavilion, and Hangzhou Wenyu Pavilion, and were allowed to read into the hall. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the books of the Wenzong and Wenhui Courts were destroyed by war, and Wen Yuge’s book also lost more than half. And Wen Yuan Ge’s book was taken during the Second Opium War.