Introduction to Human-Machine-Environmental System Engineering Society
1. Introduction In 1981, under the personal guidance of the well-known scientist Academician Qian Xuesen, a comprehensive edge technology-Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering (MMESE) was born in China. Academician Qian Qianxuesen highly praised this emerging science. Human-machine-environment system engineering is a science that uses system science theory and system engineering methods to correctly handle the relationship between the three elements of man, machine and environment, and deeply studies the optimal combination of man-machine-environment system. Its research object is human -Machine-environment system. "Person" in the system refers to the person who is the main body of work (such as an operator or decision-maker); "machine" refers to the general term for all objects (such as tools, machines, computers, systems, and technologies) controlled by people; " "Environment" refers to the specific working conditions (such as temperature, noise, vibration ...) where people and machines coexist. The basic goal of the optimal combination of systems is "safe, efficient and economical". The so-called "safe" refers to the absence of physical harm or injury to the human body, and to avoid various accidents; the so-called "efficient" refers to the entire system has the best working performance or the highest working efficiency; the so-called "economic", Under the premise of meeting the technical requirements of the system, the establishment of the system requires the least investment. 1. The salient features of MMESE The history of the development of human society is a history in which the three elements of man, machine (including tools, machines, computers, systems, and technologies) and the environment are interrelated, mutually constrained, and mutually promoted. The situation is shown in Figure 1. Due to the influence of the environment, advanced primates have evolved into human beings; the birth of human beings has led to the emergence of machines; the emergence of machines has created a new environment; the new environment is affecting human life, work and survival. Today, when people are immersed in enjoying the social prosperity brought by high technology, they have unknowingly broken into two major misunderstandings: ①In the design of the machine, because of ignoring the characteristics and requirements of people, work Reduced system efficiency and increased accidents have a serious impact on social development; ②During the design of the machine, ignoring the characteristics and requirements of the environment not only affects the performance of the machine itself, but also brings serious environmental deterioration Life, work and survival pose a major threat. Taking the car as an example, its appearance has greatly promoted the progress of society on the one hand, but it has also brought disaster to the society on the other hand. The number of people who die from road accidents every year is about 250,000 in the world. It is also one of the main factors causing urban pollution. There are many other similar examples. Therefore, the most urgent task is to study and explore a set of scientific methods to study the operation rules and optimal combinations of the three elements of man, machine and environment. Human-machine-environmental system engineering is precisely for this reality and has climbed the historical midday stage of science and technology! 2. The salient features of MMESE There are three main characteristics of human-machine-environment system engineering: First, human-machine-environment system engineering emphasizes that the design of machines (including tools, machines, computers, systems, and technologies) should match the characteristics and requirements of people. In the past, people had a misconception that as long as the machine is designed, the system performance can be exerted by selecting and training operators. In fact, if the design of the machine does not match the physiological and psychological characteristics of people, simply adapting the characteristics of the machine through selection and training will not only ensure the performance of the system, but also lead to accidents. Therefore, the human-machine-environment system engineering first emphasizes that the design of the machine should match the characteristics of the person, and then emphasizes that through selection and training, people can adapt to the characteristics of the machine to optimize the coordination between the machine and the machine; Second, one of the fundamental differences between human-machine-environmental system engineering and some adjacent disciplines in the past (such as human factors, ergonomics, human-machine systems ...) is that environmental factors no longer act as passive disturbing factors. Excluded from the system, but incorporated into the system as a positive proactive factor and become an important part of the system. Obviously, the environment affects not only human survival and work ability, but also the performance and reliable operation of the machine. Conversely, people and machines also affect the state of the environment. Therefore, between the environment and people, the environment and the machine, and the environment and the system, there are both information circulation, information processing, and information control problems, which highlights the important role of the environment in the system. Practice has proved that only by taking the environment as a link of the system, can the overall planning and control of the environment from the overall height of the system, some can be eliminated, some can be protected, some can be reduced to the allowable limit, and some can obtain the most Kwai value, so that the entire system is in the optimal working state, which fundamentally eliminates the passive situation of first-in-first-out products and after-treatment environment, or in the management of headaches, heads, and feet. Practical activities always advance along the path of science; Third, human-machine-environment system engineering is guided by the scientific methodology one-materialist dialectics, with special emphasis on top-down, comprehensive and detailed systematic thinking methods, following the system ---- reduction ---- Re-systems-re-reduction, and even cyclically rising thinking procedures, organically combining the concept of system and the concept of reduction, and continuously promoting the deep development of human-machine-environmental system engineering research. Engels once emphasized: "The old research methods and thinking methods, what Hegel called" metaphysics ", are mainly to study things as immutable things .... You must first study what a thing is before you The research process. You must know what a thing is before you can perceive the changes that take place in this thing. This is the case in natural science .... And when such research has progressed to a decisive step forward, namely It can be transitioned to systematically study the changes of these things in nature itself, and the death knell of old metaphysics sounds in the field of philosophy. "Human-machine-environmental system engineering is to abandon the past and only focus on the If a single element is good, its overall performance must be good metaphysical. Rather, according to the thought of materialist dialectics, from the overall height of the system, the relationship between the three elements of man, machine, and environment and the law of overall change are studied to promote the development of science and technology. 3. The important role of MMESE The development of science and technology not only includes the development of the established disciplines in depth and breadth, but also depends on the emergence of emerging sciences. Generally, the birth and development of emerging sciences are mainly influenced by two factors: one is specialty, and the other is universality. The special theory of science and technology is due to the discovery of new research objects or the emergence of special scientific trends, which prompts people to study a narrow class of objects, such as cell biology, polymer chemistry and other scientific theories. . The characteristics of these disciplines are to use special means to raise problems and solve problems, it only involves a relatively narrow research field. The universal scientific theories of science and technology are generally created to study the natural phenomena that appear in a very wide class of objects. Scientific theories such as cybernetics and system science are examples. Contrary to those specialized scientific theories, universal scientific theories are often marginal sciences. Because of this, in order to communicate the channels between specialized sciences, these universal marginal sciences tend to be more theoretical, and more dependent on the language used to describe them, such as mathematical language or other languages. Therefore, universal marginal science has two important characteristics: the first is vertical integration, which allows basic science and engineering technology to penetrate and even merge into one; the second is horizontal integration, and vigorously promote cross-disciplinary research. These two characteristics of marginal science have broken the strict barriers between various disciplines and departments, which in turn has greatly promoted the vigorous development of science and technology. Human-machine-environment system engineering is a comprehensive edge technology science, and its integrated characteristics are most prominent. In terms of vertical integration, human-machine-environment system engineering is a technical science. Compared with its basic sciences (such as physiology, psychology, system science ...), it focuses on practical applications and emphasizes practicality; it Relative to its engineering technology (such as space man-machine-environment system engineering, aviation man-machine-environment system engineering, tank man-machine-environment system engineering, auto man-machine-environment system engineering, air defense man-machine-environment system Engineering ...), and provide a theoretical basis for practical application. Therefore, human-machine-environment system engineering makes theory and application intertwined and inseparable. In terms of horizontal integration, the research scope of human-machine-environment system engineering starts from the conception of the system, goes through system establishment, system operation and system maintenance, and ends until the system dies. Without multi-disciplinary knowledge and methodological guidance, it is impossible to Obtain the best results, so its interdisciplinary overlap is very obvious. Therefore, at present, when domestic and foreign scholars discuss this research field, they always have different opinions, such as human factors, ergonomics, engineering psychology, ergonomics, human factor engineering, human-machine systems, Environmental medicine, etc. In fact, they all explore the relationship between man, machine and environment from different sides and different angles. Therefore, the emerging science of human-machine-environmental system engineering can incorporate these roughly similar or complementary disciplines into a unified scientific framework, which can not only avoid the confusion of concepts and terminology, but also greatly advance people ’s level of knowledge. . First, it provides a scientific method for the health and sustainable development of human society. As mentioned earlier, the history of the development of human society is a history in which the three elements of man, machine (including tools, machines, computers, systems, and technologies) and the environment are interrelated, mutually restrictive, and mutually reinforcing. The birth of human-machine-environment system engineering will enable people to design and develop any man-machine-environment system in three aspects: ①from experience to science; ② from unconsciousness to consciousness; ③ from qualitative Go quantitative. As a result, it can not only avoid huge economic losses, but also accelerate the development of human society. Second, human-machine-environment system engineering also provides technical means for the development of social productivity. Generally, philosophy defines productivity as: "The combination of a person engaged in the production of material materials and the labor materials used for production that are mainly production tools constitutes social productivity." Obviously, productivity should be a person (engage in material Organic combination of the three major elements: the person who produced the material), the machine (production tools and machines), and the environment (relevant labor conditions at the production site). Therefore, adopting the human-machine-environment system engineering method can comprehensively optimize the relationship between man, machine, and environment, and promote the comprehensive development of social productivity. 4. Research content of MMESE The research content of human-machine-environment system engineering mainly includes seven aspects (see Figure 2): ①research on human characteristics; ② research on computer characteristics; ③ research on environmental characteristics; ④ research on human-computer relationship; ⑤ Research on human-ring relationship; ⑥ research on machine-ring relationship; ⑦ research on overall performance of human-machine-environment system. (1) Research on human characteristics-research on human working ability; testing and evaluation of human basic qualities; research on human physical load, mental load and psychological load; research on human reliability; human mathematical model (control model And decision-making model) research; anthropometric technology research; personnel selection and training research. (2) Research on the characteristics of the machine-modeling technology of controlled object dynamics; study on the machine's operability; study on the machine's maintainability; study on the machine's intrinsic safety (error-proof design), etc. (3) Research on environmental characteristics-research on environmental detection technology; research on environmental control technology; research on environmental modeling technology, etc. (4) Research on human-machine relationship-static human-machine relationship research (operation domain layout and design); dynamic human-machine relationship research (human-machine interface research; display and control technology research; human-machine interface design And evaluation technology research; human and machine function allocation research; human and machine function comparison research; human and machine function allocation method research; artificial intelligence research); multimedia technology in the study of human-machine relationship; digital human body in human-machine Application in relationship research, etc. (5) Research on human-environment relationship-research on the impact of environment on people; research on human impact on environment; research on individual protective measures, etc. (6) Research on machine-loop relationship-research on the influence of environment on machine performance; research on the influence of machine on environment, etc. (7) Research on the overall performance of the human-machine-environment system-research on the overall mathematical model of the human-machine-environment system; research on the technology of human-machine-environment system simulation (mathematical simulation, semi-physical simulation, and full physical simulation); Analysis and evaluation of the overall performance (safety, high efficiency, economy) of the human-machine-environment system; the application of virtual technology (VirtualReality) in the research of the overall system performance. 5. Implementation method of MMESE The implementation method of human-machine-environment system engineering can be summarized as four sentences, 24 words, that is: based on three theories (cybernetics, model theory, optimization theory), and analysis of three elements (man, machine, environment) After going through three steps (plan decision-making, development and production, actual use), and achieving three goals (safety, high efficiency, economy). (1) Based on three theories, human-machine-environment system engineering is a comprehensive marginal technology science. In order to form its theoretical system, it has absorbed rich nutrition from a series of basic disciplines and laid its own basic theory. The basic theory of human-machine-environment system engineering can be summarized as cybernetics, model theory and optimization theory ①The fundamental contribution of cybernetics is that it uses systems, information, feedback and other general concepts and terms to break the boundary between living and inanimate, so that people can study humans, machines, and environments with a unified view and scale. The three physical attributes are distinct and unrelated objects, and make them an inseparable organic whole. ② Model theory Model theory can provide a complete set of mathematical analysis tools for human-machine-environment system engineering research. Obviously, human-machine-environment system engineering not only requires qualitative, but also quantitatively characterizes the movement laws of the entire system. To this end, it is necessary to introduce appropriate mathematical models for different objective objects, and use mathematical language to clarify the objective laws of the real world through the steps of modeling, parameter identification, simulation, and testing. ③ Optimization theory The basic starting point of optimization theory is that in the optimal combination of human-machine-environment system, there are generally many different methods and approaches, and one or more of them must be the best or better. , Such a view and thinking of seeking the best way is the essence of human-machine-environment system engineering. Optimization theory is the mathematical means that reflects this essence. (2) Analysis of the three elements We analyze the three elements of man, machine, and environment, mainly to study how to use these three elements to form the human-machine-environment system with the characteristic functions we need. Generally, according to the performance characteristics and complexity of various systems, we divide human-machine-environment systems into three types: ①Simple (or single-person, single-machine) human-machine-environment system In this system, an operator uses only one machine to work in a specific environment. Current cars, trains, airplanes, etc. belong to this type of system. ② The characteristics of complex (or multi-person, multi-machine) human-machine-environment systems are that one operator can operate more than two machines, or one or more machines can be used by several operators at the same time use. At present, the operation of many industrial production machines is similar to this. ③ Generalized (or large-scale) human-machine-environment systems are widely found in various production sectors. The highest decision-maker of each production department implements a unified management and scheduling of the production status of each grass-roots unit through a set of command / control system. This is a typical generalized man-machine-environment system. Obviously, whether it is simple, complex, or a broad human-machine-environment system, it is a complex giant system. This is because the human body itself is a giant system, and the machine (or computer) is also a giant system, plus the action and influence of various environmental factors, thus forming a complex giant system of human-machine-environment. Practice has proved that for any system, the overall performance of the system not only depends on the individual performance of each component, but more importantly depends on the form of association of each element, that is, the method of information transmission, processing and control. Therefore, it is quite difficult to realize the optimal combination of human, machine and environment. Moreover, people's research on the three elements of human-machine-environment originally belonged to different subject areas, and their research methods and research ideas are also very different. Now, in order to combine them into a complex giant system, first of all, there must be a theory that can describe the respective capabilities and interrelationships of humans, machines, and environments. Without such a theory as a guide, it is impossible to talk about the entire system. Research, not to mention the realization of the optimal combination design of the whole system. Therefore, human-machine-environmental system engineering emerged in response to this reality. (3) Going through three steps In order to apply the human-machine-environment system engineering theory to various fields, it should generally go through three stages: scheme decision, development, production and actual use. ①Scheme decision-making stage The decision-making of the scheme belongs to the category of theoretical analysis and is also the most critical step. At this stage, human-machine-environment system engineering can provide a complete set of decision theory for the overall scheme design of man-machine-environment system. The main task is to establish the respective mathematical models of man, machine and environment and the overall system Model, and use the computer to perform mathematical simulation and optimization calculations of the entire system to determine the optimal parameters of the human, machine, and environment and the optimal combination of the system. ② Research and production stage In the research and production stage, the task of human-machine-environmental system engineering is to determine the best way to achieve the optimal plan. At this stage, we always emphasize the participation of the person as the main body of work in the system, and through semi-physical simulation or full-physics simulation, continuously analyze and verify the overall performance and local performance of the human-machine-environment system, and coordinate the various sub-systems The technical indicators make the overall performance reach the best state. ③ Actual use phase In the actual use phase, the task of human-machine-environment system engineering is to put forward the opinions of giving full play to the performance of the existing system through the verification of actual use (such as the selection of operator standards and the plan and plan for training operator), Make full use of the materials and make the best use of people, and put forward new suggestions for further improvement and system performance. (4) Generally speaking, to achieve the three goals, it is difficult to meet the three indicators of safety, efficiency and economy at the same time, and sometimes it is contradictory. Therefore, in order to use the system engineering method to achieve the three goals of the man-machine-environment system we built, safe, efficient, and economic, we must first assume several design options, and then use full mathematical simulation, semi- Physical simulation or all-physical simulation method to obtain the relationship curve of the three efficiency indicators of safety, high efficiency and economy. According to the relationship curve, the most unique parameters of man, machine, and environment can be predicted. Based on these parameters, the optimal solution can be determined. After the feasibility (or feasibility) study of the system plan, the optimal plan can be finally decided. The plan chosen accordingly is the more ideal plan. In short, the implementation of human-machine-environment system engineering can help people design and build any man-machine-environment system from qualitative to quantitative, from inexact to precise, and from experience to science. This can not only achieve the optimal combination of man-machine-environment systems, but also avoid a large number of engineering rework and huge economic losses, and can accelerate the development process of man-machine-environment systems. 6. Application fields of MMESE Human-machine-environment system engineering believes that any work system in which people participate can be defined as a human-machine-environment system. Moreover, according to the performance characteristics and complexity of various systems, man-machine-environment systems can be divided into three types: simple (or single-person, single-machine) man-machine-environment systems, complex (or Machine) human-machine-environment system and generalized (or large-scale) human-machine-environment system. Therefore, although human-machine-environmental systems engineering is an emerging edge technology science, its traces have penetrated into various fronts of the national economy. Table 1 lists its application fields and the characteristics of the man-machine-environment system. In practical applications in various fields, the specific functions and connotation of the human-machine-environment system should be clearly defined according to the respective characteristics of the specific application objects in order to obtain the best application effect.
We have more than 10 year's professional experience on Magazine & Book Displays. Our strong point is customed, we have a experienced design team which can give you thorough design with all your requirment on Newspaper Displays, Magazine Displays Stand, book displays, book shelf and so on.
We also provide the best after-sale service, which makes you carefree in using our products.
Magazine Displays,Book Displays,Newspaper Displays,Magazine Displays Stand Apache Industry Ltd. , https://www.apachedisplay.com
